Penstemon is the largest genus endemic to North America. We have included 175 of the 275 species in a phylogenetic reconstruction based on ITS nucleotide sequence data. A subset of these species have been surveyed with nucleotide data from from several noncoding regions of the chloroplast genome, including the trnT-F and trnC-D loci. Individual cpDNA loci are not sufficient for resolving relationships among species of Penstemon. However, the combination of sequences from different cpDNA noncoding regions, and the combination of data sets from nuclear and chloroplast genomes facilitate a resolution of the Penstemon phylogeny. Our results suggest the diversification of Penstemon has occurred recently and places Penstemon as an exemplar of a continental evolutionary radiation. Previous biogeographic hypotheses for the origin of Penstemon in the Rocky Mountains, a subsequent migration to the west early in the history of the genus followed by migration throughout the Intermountain region, the southwest and finally east of the Rocky Mountains are supported by these results.

Key words: ITS, Penstemon, phylogeny, Scrophulariaceae, trnC-D, trnT-F