LANDIS, FRANK*, ANDREA GARGAS, and THOMAS GIVNISH. Botany Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706. - The plant tree, roots and clades: mycorrhizae and plant phylogeny.
Most plants obtain at least some nutrients through hyphae of
mycorrhizal fungi, and these symbioses appear to date back to the
early days of plants' land colonization. Since then, several
mycorrhizal types have evolved, each type allowing exploitation of
different nutrient pools and habitats, yet limiting the symbionts'
ranges to areas of mutual occurrence. As mycorrhizae play important
roles in community and ecosystem ecology, understanding the evolution
of different mycorrhizal states allows researchers to connect plant
evolution, community and ecosystem ecology. Recent substantial
advances in our understanding of plant phylogeny and mycorrhizae in
general prompted a re-evaluation of previously published reports. We
mapped available mycorrhizal data onto current phylogenetic models of
the plant kingdom. The resulting trees show some interesting patterns,
such as a concentration of ectomycorrhizae in the Eurosids, and they
also reveal significant gaps in our knowledge. These trees, overlays,
and evolutionary commentary are available on the web
(http://www.wisc.edu/botit/MPP/Index.htm) to provide a practical tool
for teaching about mycorrhizae to systematists and ecologists of all
levels. These comparative data also provide suggestions for future
research leading to elucidation of the biological mechanisms
underlying evolution of these symbioses.
Key words: mycorrhizae, plant ecology, plant phylogeny