MIKESELL, JAN E. Biology Department, Gettysburg College, Gettysburg, PA 17325. - Herbivory and enhancement of plant fitness.
Four populations of Asclepias syriaca L. (common milkweed),
growing in close proximity and in linear alignment, were analyzed with
regard to plant growth following organ removal. To determine if the
loss of reproductive organs could eventually promote growth, all
umbels were removed from plants of one population. The degree of
regrowth was compared in the single treated and the three untreated
populations. Both vegetative and reproductive characters were
analyzed, as the umbel-excised plants produced a second set of flowers
and fruits. The degree of regrowth was referred to as compensatory if
development was similar in manipulated and intact plants. Decreased or
increased growth in umbel-excised plants, when compared to
unmanipulated plants, was referenced as under compensation or over
compensation, respectively. Plants of one of the middle populations
had all umbels removed and, after 39 days, manipulated and intact
plants were harvested. Over compensation was exhibited in
umbel-excised plants when analyzing all vegetative characters as: 1.
longer stems (by 44%), 2. wider stems (by 82%), 3. greater stem mass
(by 163%), 4. heavier above-ground biomass (by 191%), 5. heaviest
individual leaves (by 130%), 6. heaviest average internode mass (by
135%), 7. most nodes (by 25%), and 8. heavier comparable internodes in
treated plants (9 of 15). Compensatory growth was revealed in
umbel-excised plants when compared to intact plants with regard to: 1.
seed number per follicle (129 seeds per fruit), 2. individual fruit
mass (2.7 g per fruit), and 3. individual seed mass (6.2 mg per seed).
Additionally, the individual mass of interiorly and exteriorly
developed seeds was not significantly different in fruits from treated
or untreated plants. In conclusion, umbel-excised plants exhibited
over compensation when analyzing vegetative characters, and
compensatory growth when comparing reproductive features.
Key words: Asclepias, compensatory growth, herbivory, milkweed, umbel excision