Mangroves play an important role in estuarine ecological systems, as well as shoreline stabilization. Large extents of mangroves have been lost in the past century by dredging, land-filling, and pollution. Thus, it is important to develop techniques for restoring or replacing mangroves. It is suggested that future destruction of mangroves be permitted only if they are subsequently replaced at either the same site or at some appropriately developed alternative site. Mangroves have been planted on a series of Florida sites and planting success will be evaluated. Mangroves of a variety of sizes were planted at sites that differed in energy, tidal depth, root-parasite prevalence, substrate, salinity and public access. Measurements made after varying period indicated that energy, tidal depth and vandalism were the most important limiting factors for survival and growth. Planting costs were estimated by collecting and planting experience of our own group from $452 per acre for red mangroves at 3 ft centers to $87,500 for 3 year-old trees at 4 foot centers.

Key words: black mangrove, ecosystem restoration, Florida, Mangrove, red mangrove, restoration, shoreline stabilization, white mangrove